1At MIT the different fraternities all had "smokers" where they tried to get the new freshmen to be their pledges, and the summer before I went to MIT I was invited to a meeting in New York of Phi Beta Delta, a Jewish fraternity. In those days, if you were Jewish or brought up in a Jewish family, you didn't have a chance in any other fraternity.

2Nobody else would look at you. I wasn't particularly looking to be with other Jews, and the guys from the Phi Beta Delta fraternity didn't care how Jewish I was ­­ in fact, I didn't believe anything about that stuff, and was certainly not in any way religious. Anyway, some guys from the fraternity asked me some questions and gave me a little bit of advice ­­ that I ought to take the first­year calculus exam so I wouldn't have to take the course ­­ which turned out to be good advice. I liked the fellas who came down to New York from the fraternity, and the two guys who talked me into it, I later became their roommate.

3There was another Jewish fraternity at MIT, called "SAM," and their idea was to give me a ride up to Boston and I could stay with them. I accepted the ride, and stayed upstairs in one of the rooms that first night.

4The next morning I looked out the window and saw the two guys from the other fraternity (that I met in New York) walking up the steps. Some guys from the Sigma Alpha Mu ran out to talk to them and there was a big discussion.

5I yelled out the window, "Hey, I'm supposed to be with those guys!" and I rushed out of the fraternity without realizing that they were all operating, competing for my pledge. I didn't have any feelings of gratitude for the ride, or anything.

6The Phi Beta Delta fraternity had almost collapsed the year before, because there were two different cliques that had split the fraternity in half. There was a group of socialite characters, who liked to have dances and fool around in their cars afterwards, and so on, and there was a group of guys who did nothing but study, and never went to the dances.

7Just before I came to the fraternity they had had a big meeting and had made an important compromise. They were going to get together and help each other out.

8Everyone had to have a grade level of at least such­and­such. If they were sliding behind, the guys who studied all the time would teach them and help them do their work. On the other side, everybody had to go to every dance. If a guy didn't know how to get a date, the other guys would get him a date. If the guy didn't know how to dance, they'd teach him to dance. One group was teaching the other how to think, while the other guys were teaching them how to be social.

9That was just right for me, because I was not very good socially. I was so timid that when I had to take the mail out and walk past some seniors sitting on the steps with some girls, I was petrified: I didn't know how to walk past them! And it didn't help any when a girl would say, "Oh, he's cute!"

10It was only a little while after that the sophomores brought their girlfriends and their girlfriends' friends over to teach us to dance. Much later, one of the guys taught me how to drive his car. They worked very hard to get us intellectual characters to socialize and be more relaxed, and vice versa. It was a good balancing out.

11I had some difficulty understanding what exactly it meant to be "social." Soon after these social guys had taught me how to meet girls, I saw a nice waitress in a restaurant where I was eating by myself one day. With great effort I finally got up enough nerve to ask her to be my date at the next fraternity dance, and she said yes.

12Back at the fraternity, when we were talking about the dates for the next dance, I told the guys I didn't need a date this time ­­ I had found one on my own. I was very proud of myself.

13When the upperclassmen found out my date was a waitress, they were horrified.

14They told me that was not possible; they would get me a "proper" date. They made me feel as though I had strayed, that I was amiss. They decided to take over the situation.

15They went to the restaurant, found the waitress, talked her out of it, and got me another girl. They were trying to educate their "wayward son," so to speak, but they were wrong, I think. I was only a freshman then, and I didn't have enough confidence yet to stop them from breaking my date.

16When I became a pledge they had various ways of hazing. One of the things they did was to take us, blindfolded, far out into the countryside in the dead of winter and leave us by a frozen lake about a hundred feet apart. We were in the middle of absolutely nowhere ­­ no houses, no nothing ­­ and we were supposed to find our way back to the fraternity. We were a little bit scared, because we were young, and we didn't say much ­­ except for one guy, whose name was Maurice Meyer: you couldn't stop him from joking around, making dumb puns, and having this happy­go­lucky attitude of "Ha, ha, there's nothing to worry about. Isn't this fun!" We were getting mad at Maurice. He was always walking a little bit behind and laughing at the whole situation, while the rest of us didn't know how we were ever going to get out of this.

17We came to an intersection not far from the lake ­­ there were still no houses or anything ­­ and the rest of us were discussing whether we should go this way or that way, when Maurice caught up to us and said, "Go this way." "What the hell do you know, Maurice?" we said, frustrated. "You're always making these jokes. Why should we go this way?" "Simple: Look at the telephone lines. Where there's more wires, it's going toward the central station."

18This guy, who looked like he wasn't paying attention to anything, had come up with a terrific idea! We walked straight into town without making an error.

19On the following day there was going to be a schoolwide freshman versus sophomore mudeo (various forms of wrestling and tug of wars that take place in the mud). Late in the evening, into our fraternity comes a whole bunch of sophomores ­­ some from our fraternity and some from outside ­­ and they kidnap us: they want us to be tired the next day so they can win.

20The sophomores tied up all the freshmen relatively easily ­­ except me. I didn't want the guys in the fraternity to find out that I was a "sissy." (I was never any good in sports. I was always terrified if a tennis ball would come over the fence and land near me, because I never could get it over the fence ­­ it usually went about a radian off of where it was supposed to go.) I figured this was a new situation, a new world, and I could make a new reputation. So in order that I wouldn't look like I didn't know how to fight, I fought like a son of a gun as best I could (not knowing what I was doing), and it took three or four guys many tries before they were finally able to tie me up. The sophomores took us to a house, far away in the woods, and tied us all down to a wooden floor with big U tacks.

21I tried all sorts of ways to escape, but there were sophomores guarding us, and none of my tricks worked. I remember distinctly one young man they were afraid to tie down because he was so terrified: his face was pale yellow­green and he was shaking. I found out later he was from Europe ­­ this was in the early thirties ­­ and he didn't realize that these guys all tied down to the floor was some kind of a joke; he knew what kinds of things were going on in Europe. The guy was frightening to look at, he was so scared.

22By the time the night was over, there were only three sophomores guarding twenty of us freshmen, but we didn't know that. The sophomores had driven their cars in and out a few times to make it sound as if there was a lot of activity, and we didn't notice it was always the same cars and the same people. So we didn't win that one.

23My father and mother happened to come up that morning to see how their son was doing in Boston, and the fraternity kept putting them off until we came back from being kidnapped. I was so bedraggled and dirty from struggling so hard to escape and from lack of sleep that they were really horrified to discover what their son looked like at MIT!

24I had also gotten a stiff neck, and I remember standing in line for inspection that afternoon at ROTC, not being able to look straight forward. The commander grabbed my head and turned it, shouting, "Straighten up!" I winced, as my shoulders went at an angle: "I can't help it, sir!" "Oh, excuse me!" he said, apologetically.

25Anyway, the fact that I fought so long and hard not to be tied up gave me a terrific reputation, and I never had to worry about that sissy business again ­­ a tremendous relief.

26I often listened to my roommates ­­ they were both seniors ­­ studying for their theoretical physics course. One day they were working pretty hard on something that seemed pretty clear to me, so I said, "Why don't you use the Baronallai's equation?" "What's that!" they exclaimed. "What are you talking about!" I explained to them what I meant and how it worked in this case, and it solved the problem. It turned out it was Bernoulli's equation that I meant, but I had read all this stuff in the encyclopedia without talking to anybody about it, so I didn't know how to pronounce anything.

27But my roommates were very excited, and from then on they discussed their physics problems with me ­­ I wasn't so lucky with many of them ­­ and the next year, when I took the course, I advanced rapidly. That was a very good way to get educated, working on the senior problems and learning how to pronounce things.

28I liked to go to a place called the Raymor and Playmore Ballroom ­­ two ballrooms that were connected together ­­ on Tuesday nights. My fraternity brothers didn't go to these "open" dances; they preferred their own dances, where the girls they brought were upper crust ones they had met "properly." I didn't care, when I met somebody, where they were from, or what their background was, so I would go to these dances ­­ even though my fraternity brothers disapproved (I was a junior by this time, and they couldn't stop me) ­­ and I had a very good time.

29One time I danced with a certain girl a few times, and didn't say much. Finally, she said to me, "Who hants vewwy nice­ee." I couldn't quite make it out ­­ she had some difficulty in speech ­­ but I thought she said, "You dance very nicely."

30"Thank you," I said. "It's been an honor." We went over to a table where a friend of hers had found a boy she was dancing with and we sat, the four of us, together. One girl was very hard of hearing, and the other girl was nearly deaf.

31When the two girls conversed they would do a large amount of signaling very rapidly back and forth, and grunt a little bit. It didn't bother me; the girl danced well, and she was a nice person.

32After a few more dances, we're sitting at the table again, and there's a large amount of signaling back and forth, back and forth, back and forth, until finally she says something to me which I gathered means, she'd like us to take them to some hotel.

33I ask the other guy if he wants to go.

34"What do they want us to go to this hotel for?" he asks.

35"Hell, I don't know. We didn't talk well enough!" But I don't have to know. It's just fun, seeing what's going to happen; it's an adventure!

36The other guy's afraid, so he says no. So I take the two girls in a taxi to the hotel, and discover that there's a dance organized by the deaf and dumb, believe it or not. They all belonged to a club. It turns out many of them can feel the rhythm enough to dance to the music and applaud the band at the end of each number.

37It was very, very interesting! I felt as if I was in a foreign country and couldn't speak the language: I could speak, but nobody could hear me. Everybody was talking with signs to everybody else, and I couldn't understand anything! I asked my girl to teach me some signs and I learned a few, like you learn a foreign language, just for fun.

38Everyone was so happy and relaxed with each other, making jokes and smiling all the time; they didn't seem to have any real difficulty of any kind communicating with each other. It was the same as with any other language, except for one thing: as they're making signs to each other, their heads were always turning from one side to the other. I realized what that was. When someone wants to make a side remark or interrupt you, he can't yell, "Hey, Jack!" He can only make a signal, which you won't catch unless you're in the habit of looking around all the time.

39They were completely comfortable with each other. It was my problem to be comfortable. It was a wonderful experience.

40The dance went on for a long time, and when it closed down we went to a cafeteria. They were all ordering things by pointing to them. I remember somebody asking in signs, "Where­are­you­from?" and my girl spelling out "N­e­w Y­o­r­k." I still remember a guy signing to me "Good sport!" ­­ he holds his thumb up, and then touches an imaginary lapel, for "sport." It's a nice system.

41Everybody was sitting around, making jokes, and getting me into their world very nicely. I wanted to buy a bottle of milk, so I went up to the guy at the counter and mouthed the word "milk" without saying anything.

42The guy didn't understand.

43I made the symbol for "milk," which is two fists moving as if you're milking a cow, and he didn't catch that either.

44I tried to point to the sign that showed the price of milk, but he still didn't catch on.

45Finally, some stranger nearby ordered milk, and I pointed to it.

46"Oh! Milk!" he said, as I nodded my head yes.

47He handed me the bottle, and I said, "Thank you very much!" "You SON of a GUN!" he said, smiling.

48I often liked to play tricks on people when I was at MIT. One time, in mechanical drawing class, some joker picked up a French curve (a piece of plastic for drawing smooth curves ­­ a curly, funny­looking thing) and said, "I wonder if the curves on this thing have some special formula?"

49I thought for a moment and said, "Sure they do. The curves are very special curves. Lemme show ya," and I picked up my French curve and began to turn it slowly.

50"The French curve is made so that at the lowest point on each curve, no matter how you turn it, the tangent is horizontal."

51All the guys in the class were holding their French curve up at different angles, holding their pencil up to it at the lowest point and laying it along, and discovering that, sure enough, the tangent is horizontal. They were all excited by this "discovery" ­­ even though they had already gone through a certain amount of calculus and had already "learned" that the derivative (tangent) of the minimum (lowest point) of any curve is zero (horizontal). They didn't put two and two together. They didn't even know what they "knew."

52I don't know what's the matter with people: they don't learn by understanding; they learn by some other way ­­ by rote, or something. Their knowledge is so fragile!

53I did the same kind of trick four years later at Princeton when I was talking with an experienced character, an assistant of Einstein, who was surely working with gravity all the time. I gave him a problem: You blast off in a rocket which has a clock on board, and there's a clock on the ground. The idea is that you have to be back when the clock on the ground says one hour has passed. Now you want it so that when you come back, your clock is as far ahead as possible. According to Einstein, if you go very high, your clock will go faster, because the higher something is in a gravitational field, the faster its clock goes. But if you try to go too high, since you've only got an hour, you have to go so fast to get there that the speed slows your clock down. So you can't go too high. The question is, exactly what program of speed and height should you make so that you get the maximum time on your clock?

54This assistant of Einstein worked on it for quite a bit before he realized that the answer is the real motion of matter. If you shoot something up in a normal way, so that the time it takes the shell to go up and come down is an hour, that's the correct motion.

55It's the fundamental principle of Einstein's gravity ­­ that is, what's called the "proper time" is at a maximum for the actual curve. But when I put it to him, about a rocket with a clock, he didn't recognize it. It was just like the guys in mechanical drawing class, but this time it wasn't dumb freshmen. So this kind of fragility is, in fact, fairly common, even with more learned people.

56When I was a junior or senior I used to eat at a certain restaurant in Boston. I went there by myself, often on successive evenings. People got to know me, and I had the same waitress all the time.

57I noticed that they were always in a hurry, rushing around, so one day, just for fun, I left my tip, which was usually ten cents (normal for those days), in two nickels, under two glasses: I filled each glass to the very top, dropped a nickel in, and with a card over it, turned it over so it was upside down on the table. Then I slipped out the card (no water leaks out because no air can come in ­­ the rim is too close to the table for that).

58I put the tip under two glasses because I knew they were always in a hurry. If the tip was a dime in one glass, the waitress, in her haste to get the table ready for the next customer, would pick up the glass, the water would spill out, and that would be the end of it. But after she does that with the first glass, what the hell is she going to do with the second one? She can't just have the nerve to lift it up now!

59On the way out I said to my waitress, "Be careful, Sue. There's something funny about the glasses you gave me ­­ they're filled in on the top, and there's a hole on the bottom!"

60The next day I came back, and I had a new waitress. My regular waitress wouldn't have anything to do with me. "Sue's very angry at you," my new waitress said. "After she picked up the first glass and water went all over the place, she called the boss out. They studied it a little bit, but they couldn't spend all day figuring out what to do, so they finally picked up the other one, and water went out again, all over the floor. It was a terrible mess; Sue slipped later in the water. They're all mad at you." I laughed.

61She said, "It's not funny! How would you like it if someone did that to you ­­ what would you do?"

62"I'd get a soup plate and then slide the glass very carefully over to the edge of the table, and let the water run into the soup plate ­­ it doesn't have to run onto the floor.

63Then I'd take the nickel out. "

64"Oh, that's a goood idea," she said.

65That evening I left my tip under a coffee cup, which I left upside down on the table.

66The next night I came and I had the same new waitress.

67"What's the idea of leaving the cup upside down last time?" "Well, I thought that even though you were in a hurry, you'd have to go back into the kitchen and get a soup plate; then you'd have to sloooowly and carefully slide the cup over to the edge of the table. . ."

68"I did that," she complained, "but there was no water in it!" My masterpiece of mischief happened at the fraternity. One morning I woke up very early, about five o'clock, and couldn't go back to sleep, so I went downstairs from the sleeping rooms and discovered some signs hanging on strings which said things like "DOOR! DOOR! WHO STOLE THE DOOR?" I saw that someone had taken a door off its hinges, and in its place they hung a sign that said, "PLEASE CLOSE THE DOOR!" ­­ the sign that used to be on the door that was missing.

69I immediately figured out what the idea was. In that room a guy named Pete Bernays and a couple of other guys liked to work very hard, and always wanted it quiet.

70If you wandered into their room looking for something, or to ask them how they did problem such and such, when you would leave you would always hear these guys scream, "Please close the door!"

71Somebody had gotten tired of this, no doubt, and had taken the door off. Now this room, it so happened, had two doors, the way it was built, so I got an idea: I took the other door off its hinges, carried it downstairs, and hid it in the basement behind the oil tank. Then I quietly went back upstairs and went to bed.

72Later in the morning I made believe I woke up and came downstairs a little late.

73The other guys were milling around, and Pete and his friends were all upset: The doors to their room were missing, and they had to study, blah, blah, blah, blah. I was coming down the stairs and they said, "Feynman! Did you take the doors?" "Oh, yeah!" I said. "I took the door. You can see the scratches on my knuckles here, that I got when my hands scraped against the wall as I was carrying it down into the basement."

74They weren't satisfied with my answer; in fact, they didn't believe me.

75The guys who took the first door had left so many clues ­­ the handwriting on the signs, for instance ­­ that they were soon found out. My idea was that when it was found out who stole the first door, everybody would think they also stole the other door. It worked perfectly: The guys who took the first door were pummeled and tortured and worked on by everybody, until finally, with much pain and difficulty, they convinced their tormentors that they had only taken one door, unbelievable as it might be.

76I listened to all this, and I was happy.

77The other door stayed missing for a whole week, and it became more and more important to the guys who were trying to study in that room that the other door be found.

78Finally, in order to solve the problem, the president of the fraternity says at the dinner table, "We have to solve this problem of the other door. I haven't been able to solve the problem myself, so I would like suggestions from the rest of you as to how to straighten this out, because Pete and the others are trying to study." Somebody makes a suggestion, then someone else.

79After a little while, I get up and make a suggestion. "All right," I say in a sarcastic voice, "whoever you are who stole the door, we know you're wonderful. You're so clever!

80We can't figure out who you are, so you must be some sort of super­genius. You don't have to tell us who you are; all we want to know is where the door is. So if you will leave a note somewhere, telling us where the door is, we will honor you and admit forever that you are a super­marvel, that you are so smart that you could take the other door without our being able to figure out who you are. But for God's sake, just leave the note somewhere, and we will be forever grateful to you for it. " The next guy makes his suggestion: "I have another idea," he says. "I think that you, as president, should ask each man on his word of honor towards the fraternity to say whether he took the door or not. "

81The president says, "That's a very good idea. On the fraternity word of honor!" So he goes around the table, and asks each guy, one by one: "Jack, did you take the door?" "No, sir, I did not take the door."

82"Tim: Did you take the door?"

83"No, sir! I did not take the door!"

84"Maurice. Did you take the door?"

85"No, I did not take the door, sir."

86"Feynman, did you take the door?"

87"Yeah, I took the door."

88"Cut it out, Feynman; this is serious! Sam! Did you take the door. . ." ­­ it went all the way around. Everyone was shocked. There must be some real rat in the fraternity who didn't respect the fraternity word of honor!

89That night I left a note with a little picture of the oil tank and the door next to it, and the next day they found the door and put it back.

90Sometime later I finally admitted to taking the other door, and I was accused by everybody of lying. They couldn't remember what I had said. All they could remember was their conclusion after the president of the fraternity had gone around the table and asked everybody, that nobody admitted taking the door. The idea they remembered, but not the words.

91People often think I'm a faker, but I'm usually honest, in a certain way ­­ in

92such a way that often nobody believes me!